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The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews. In order to encourage its wide dissemination this article is freely accessible on BMJ, PLOS Medicine, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology and International Journal of Surgery journal websites.
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Pascal is a man of the world among ascetics, and an asceticamong men of the world; he had the knowledge of worldlinessand the passion of asceticism, and in him the two are fusedinto an individual whole. The majority of mankind islazy-minded, incurious, absorbed in vanities, and tepid inemotion, and is therefore incapable of either much doubtor much faith; and when the ordinary man calls himself asceptic or an unbeliever, that is ordinarily a simple pose,cloaking a disinclination to think anything out to a conclusion.Pascal's disillusioned analysis of human bondage is sometimesinterpreted to mean that Pascal was really and finally anunbeliever, who, in his despair, was incapable of enduringreality and enjoying the heroic satisfaction of the free man'sworship of nothing. His despair, his disillusion, are, however,no illustration of personal weakness; they are perfectlyobjective, because they are essential moments in the progressof the intellectual soul; and for the type of Pascal they arethe analogue of the drought, the dark night, which is anessential stage in the progress of the Christian mystic. Asimilar despair, when it is arrived at by a diseased characteror an impure soul, may issue in the most disastrous consequencesthough with the most superb manifestations; and[Pg xvi]thus we get Gulliver's Travels; but in Pascal we find no suchdistortion; his despair is in itself more terrible than Swift's,because our heart tells us that it corresponds exactly to thefacts and cannot be dismissed as mental disease; but it wasalso a despair which was a necessary prelude to, and elementin, the joy of faith.
If the greatest philosopher in the world find himself upon aplank wider than actually necessary, but hanging over a precipice,his imagination will prevail, though his reason convincehim of his safety.[49] Many cannot bear the thought without acold sweat. I will not state all its effects.
Our magistrates have known well this mystery. Their red[Pg 26]robes, the ermine in which they wrap themselves like furry cats,[50]the courts in which they administer justice, the fleurs-de-lis, andall such august apparel were necessary; if the physicians hadnot their cassocks and their mules, if the doctors had not theirsquare caps and their robes four times too wide, they wouldnever have duped the world, which cannot resist so original anappearance. If magistrates had true justice, and if physicianshad the true art of healing, they would have no occasion forsquare caps; the majesty of these sciences would of itself bevenerable enough. But having only imaginary knowledge,they must employ those silly tools that strike the imaginationwith which they have to deal; and thereby in fact they inspirerespect. Soldiers alone are not disguised in this manner,because indeed their part is the most essential; they establishthemselves by force, the others by show.
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